Sahaja: Journal Sharia and Humanities

The Contribution of the Safavid Dynasty to the Formation of the Islamic Family Law System: Institutionalization of Ja’fari Jurisprudence in Marriage, Divorce, and Inheritance Regulations in Iran

Lidia Sandy Kartika — 2026-03-08

This study examines the contribution of the Safavid dynasty (1501–1736) to the formation of the Islamic family law system in Iran, with a particular focus on the institutionalization of Ja'fari jurisprudence in regulating marriage, divorce, and inheritance. Using a historical-juridical approach with qualitative library research methods, the study traces how the Safavid political transformation from a Sufi order (tarīqah) into a Twelver Shi'a state provided the structural foundation for codifying family law norms derived from the Ja'fari school of thought. The findings reveal that the Safavid era introduced significant legal innovations in three key domains: the formalization of permanent (nikāḥ) and temporary (mut'ah) marriage contracts under state-administered sharī'ah courts; the systematization of divorce procedures including ṭalāq, khul', and judicial dissolution; and the implementation of inheritance distribution based on farā'iḍ principles. The study concludes that the Safavid legacy in family law continues to shape Iran's modern legal framework. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing an integrative analysis that bridges the gap between Safavid political historiography and Islamic legal studies, specifically by disaggregating the institutional mechanisms such as the role of the Ṣadr, the appointment of Shi'a qāḍīs, and the scholarly migration from Jabal 'Āmil through which Ja'fari family law norms were systematically codified and enforced, an area that has been largely overlooked in prior scholarship which tends to treat the Safavid legal system as a monolithic entity without examining its specific innovations in the domains of marriage, divorce, and inheritance regulation.

The Relationship Between Revelation and Reason in Islam: An Integrative Framework for Knowledge Construction and Worldview Formation

Nasywa Nidaul Azmi — 2026-03-16

This study examines the integrative relationship between revelation (wahy) and reason (‘aql) in Islamic epistemology, with particular emphasis on how their synthesis constructs a coherent worldview and influences Muslim intellectual, social, economic, and spiritual life. Employing a qualitative content analysis approach grounded in library research methodology, this study systematically analyzed primary Islamic sources, the Qur’an and Hadith, alongside classical and contemporary scholarly literature, including works by Ibn Rushd, Ibn Taymiyyah, al-Ghazali, and al-Attas. Thematic analysis was conducted through a three-stage coding process involving open coding, axial coding, and selective coding to identify recurring patterns in the discourse on revelation-reason integration. The findings reveal four principal themes: (1) the epistemological complementarity of revelation and reason as articulated in classical Islamic philosophy; (2) conceptual models of knowledge integration that bridge divine guidance with rational inquiry; (3) persistent challenges in operationalizing this integration within contemporary educational and institutional contexts; and (4) the multidimensional impact of this integration on social cohesion, economic ethics, and spiritual consciousness. This study contributes to the existing literature by proposing a systematic integrative framework that positions revelation and reason not as competing epistemic authorities but as synergistic sources of knowledge essential for addressing contemporary challenges of secularism, materialism, and moral fragmentation.

Legal Analysis of Online Loan Interest Rates from the Perspective of Law No. 5 of 1999 on the Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Competition

Trinah Asi Islami — 2026-04-25

This study analyzes the regulation of online loan interest rates from the perspective of Law No. 5 of 1999 on the Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition, with a focus on KPPU Decision No. 05/KPPU-I/2025, which found that 97 fintech lending operators violated Article 5(1)(a) through collective price-fixing practices via the Indonesian Joint Funding Fintech Association (AFPI). Using a normative legal research method with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach, this study evaluates the alignment between OJK sector regulations (POJK No. 77/2016 as amended by POJK No. 40/2024) and KPPU competition law. Key findings indicate that the AFPI’s interest rate arrangement (from 1% to 0.3% per day) satisfies both subjective (horizontal agreements through meetings and digital communication) and objective (market distortion: 95% price uniformity, 27% reduction in innovation, 62% entry barriers) elements. A structural legal conflict arises between the OJK’s consumer protection mandate and the KPPU’s market competition mandate, creating regulatory arbitrage where sector compliance constitutes a horizontal violation. A comparative analysis confirms that vertical regulatory models (India-RBI, UK-FCA) are more effective than AFPI’s self-regulation. Critical discussions highlight the regulatory paradox: the intent to protect consumers actually hinders market efficiency and credit access for the unbanked segment. The study recommends systemic reforms, including vertical regulation by the OJK, an OJK-KPPU joint task force, repositioning the AFPI’s functions as soft law, and harmonizing Law No. 4/2023 on the Development and Strengthening of the Financial Sector (P2SK Law) with Law No. 5/1999 (Anti-Monopoly Law). This case sets a precedent that the state regulator has exclusive authority over price setting in the platform economy, while also serving as a momentum for the transition from self-regulation to convergent oversight for a sustainable fintech ecosystem.

The Relevance Of Marriage Regulation In The Indonesian Civil Code To The Development Of National Marriage Law

Dermina Dalimunthe — 2026-04-25

This study systematically examines the level of relevance of marriage regulations in the Indonesian Civil Code (Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata) to the development of national marriage law and its implications for legal harmonization and legal certainty. The analysis focuses on the paradigm shift in legal regulation following the enactment of Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage and the position of the Civil Code within the Indonesian positive legal system. This research is a normative legal study employing statutory, conceptual, and historical approaches. The analysis is conducted through a systematic review of the hierarchy of laws and regulations, the principle of lex specialis derogat legi generali, and the principle of normative harmonization within the national legal system. This study also applies a normative juridical approach by examining statutory regulations, legal doctrines, and relevant court decisions. The findings indicate a paradigm shift from a secular-contractual model toward a religious-administrative model. The Civil Code no longer serves as the primary legal framework governing marriage but instead functions in a residual and complementary capacity, insofar as it does not conflict with the Marriage Law. Normative harmonization through systematic interpretation is therefore essential to ensure consistency and legal certainty in judicial practice.

The Tuhor Tradition In Marriage Among The South Tapanuli Community The Dialictic Between Custom and Islamic Law

Ahmad Soleh Hasibuan — 2026-04-25

The tradition of tuhor (bride-price) in the marriage customs of the Tapanuli Selatan community represents a complex intersection between local adat values and Islamic legal principles. This study aims to examine the dynamics of determining the quantity of tuhor through the dialectical relationship between customary norms and Islamic jurisprudence. Employing a qualitative field research approach, data were collected through interviews with religious leaders, adat elders, and community members involved in marriage negotiations. The analysis used a socio-legal framework to reveal the coexistence and tension between customary practices and Islamic legal ethics. The findings indicate that tuhor functions not merely as a material requirement but as a symbol of family honor, social responsibility, and mutual respect between kinship groups. From an Islamic perspective, the amount of tuhor should align with the principle of fairness (‘adl) and should not burden either party. However, in practice, social prestige and local status often influence the determination of its value, leading to disparities between religious ideals and customary expectations. The study concludes that harmonization between adat and Islamic law is essential to ensure that the implementation of tuhor reflects both cultural dignity and the spirit of justice as mandated in Islamic teachings.

Integration of Local Wisdom and The Existence of Customary Law in Climate Change Mitigation Policies

Sigit Sapto Nugroho — 2026-04-25

This study aims to analyze the integration of local wisdom and the existence of customary law in climate change mitigation policies. The method used is normative juridical with an analytical and philosophical approach, through a review of laws and regulations, scientific literature, and previous research. The results show that local wisdom and customary law have a significant contribution to maintaining ecosystem balance and supporting climate change mitigation policies. However, their integration into policies remains normative and has not been accompanied by strengthening customary institutions. This study also found disharmony between customary law and state law and the challenges of modernization that weaken the existence of traditional values. Therefore, substantive legal recognition, strengthening customary institutions, and a collaborative approach (co-governance) are needed to optimize the role of indigenous communities in inclusive, adaptive, and sustainable climate change mitigation policies.

Copyright Of Communal Cultural E Copyright Of Communal Cultural Expressions From An Indonesian Legal Perspective: An Analysis Of Supreme Court Decision No. 591 K/Pdt.Sus-Hki/2024

Anik Tri Haryani — 2026-04-25

Supreme Court Decision No. 591 K/Pdt.Sus-HKI/2024 marks a significant milestone in the legal protection of communal cultural expressions (EBK) in Indonesia. This case involved the copyright registration of the Human Personal Symbol by an individual, which was deemed unlawful because the symbol is part of the Sapta Darma religious teachings and constitutes collective cultural heritage. The Court ruled that the symbol cannot be claimed as an exclusive personal right, as it lacks the element of personal originality and possesses spiritual significance. This study employs a normative legal methodology with a legislative and case law analysis approach to examine the extent to which positive law protects CCE from individual claims. The research findings indicate that Law No. 28 of 2014 on Copyright explicitly protects traditional cultural expressions as state property and cannot be transferred to individuals. This ruling has significant implications for the development of a communal intellectual property registration system, the protection of collective moral rights, and the importance of indigenous communities’ involvement in legal processes. In conclusion, the state needs to strengthen a legal system that prioritizes cultural justice and the protection of communal rights so that the nation’s cultural heritage is not eroded by individual interests.